Examples of vector borne transmission9/11/2023 ![]() ![]() The organisms or animals which are involved in spreading or transmitting the disease are known as vectors or carriers. Examples of zoonotic pathogens include Microsporum, Leptospira, Campylobacter, and Bartonella.When the disease-agent (parasite) undergoes multiplication or some developmental changes in carrier-host is known as biological transmission. The transfer of these agents can occur by the same five routes of transmission described above. It is important to remember many animal diseases are zoonotic and therefore pose a risk for the healthcare team as well as clients. Examples of vector-borne diseases include heartworm disease, Bartonella infection, Lyme disease (borreliosis), and plague. Vector-borne transmission can be an important route of transmission in climates where these pests exist year-round and may be brought into the practice by an infested patient. ![]() ![]() Vectors are living organisms that can transfer pathogenic microorganisms to other animals or locations and include arthropod vectors (e.g., mosquitoes, fleas, ticks) and rodents or other vermin. Examples of diseases acquired via oral transmission include feline panleukopenia and infections caused by Campylobacter, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Leptospira. Environmental contamination is most commonly due to exudates, feces, urine, or saliva. The ingestion of pathogenic organisms can occur from contaminated food or water as well as by licking or chewing on contaminated objects or surfaces. Examples of common aerosolized pathogens include Bordetella bronchiseptica, canine influenza, and canine distemper virus. However, most pathogens pertinent to companion animal veterinary medicine do not survive in the environment for extended periods or do not travel great distances due to size and as a result require close proximity or contact for disease transmission. Very small particles may remain suspended in the air for extended periods and be disseminated by air currents in a room or through a facility. This can occur from breathing, coughing, sneezing, or vocalization of an infected individual, but also during certain medical procedures (e.g., suctioning, bronchoscopy, dentistry, inhalation anesthesia). Aerosol particles may be inhaled by a susceptible host or deposited onto mucous membranes or environmental surfaces. Aerosol (Airborne) TransmissionĪerosol transmission encompasses the transfer of pathogens via very small particles or droplet nuclei. Disease examples include canine parvovirus and feline calicivirus infections. Fomites can include a wide variety of objects such as exam tables, cages, kennels, medical equipment, environmental surfaces, and clothing. Fomite Transmissionįomite transmission involves inanimate objects contaminated by an infected individual that then come in contact with a susceptible animal or human. This is probably the most common and highest-risk route of pathogen transmission to patients and personnel. Examples include organisms such as rabies, Microsporum, Leptospira spp., and staphylococci, including multidrug-resistant (MDR) species methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP). Direct inoculation can occur from bites or scratches. Physical transfer and entry of microorganisms occurs through mucous membranes (e.g., eyes, mouth), open wounds, or abraded skin. Direct Contact TransmissionÄirect contact transmission occurs through direct body contact with the tissues or fluids of an infected individual. Some microorganisms can be transmitted by more than one route. 12 The transmission of microorganisms can be divided into the following five main routes: direct contact, fomites, aerosol (airborne), oral (ingestion), and vectorborne. ![]() 7,12 Understanding routes of disease transmission and how it contributes to the spread of organisms allows for the identification of effective prevention and control measures not only for specific diseases, but also other pathogens transmitted by a similar route, including unanticipated infectious diseases. Infection control and prevention depends on disrupting the transmission of pathogens from their source (the infected animal or human) to new hosts (animal or human) or locations. Click here for a staff training document on routes of diseases transmission. ![]()
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